We've been looking at different types of conflicts that may arise between wildlife and humans at the boundaries of protected areas, such as national parks and animal sanctuaries. I'd like to illustrate this by telling you about some research that I've been involved in recently in the Central African country of Zambia in the area around the Chembe Bird Sanctuary which contains over 300 of the listed birds of Zambia These include a number of birds of prey such as eagles hawks and owls that live by hunting and killing other birds and animals.
Now most of the people living in the local communities near to the bird sanctuary are small-scale farmers and these birds of prey provide important social and ecological benefits to them. For example, a lot of damage can be caused to farmers' crops by rodents, such as rats【Q31】, which would consume the crops as they grow in the fields, as well as after harvesting if they weren't hunted and killed by the birds. And the predatory habits of these birds also protect farmers in other ways. For example, a major danger to rural workers is snakes【Q32】, whose bite may be dangerous or even fatal, and birds of prey have a major role in keeping their populations under control. Local people have always been aware of these benefits and for years, even before the sanctuary was opened in 1973, the birds played a key role in the culture of the region. However, more recently, the sanctuary and its birds have also become increasingly important to the community in economic terms, because at present, after a relatively slow start, tourism【Q33】 has become an important source of revenue for them.
However, although these birds of prey are protected by the government, their numbers are falling. Some of these deaths are accidental. Fatalities occur when birds alight on roads to catch and eat their prey, and are hit by fast-moving traffic【Q34】. Drivers in Zambia have to take special care at night, as birds may regard the quieter roads as safe places to sleep. Accidental deaths may also occur if these birds fly close to high power lines as they may be electrocuted This is a particular danger in the heavy rain【Q35】 which can occur in the region in the months from December to April.
And local farmers also pose a threat to these birds. As well as growing crops, small-scale farmers in the area also rear chickens.These provide food for the farmers' families, as well as being an important source of income. But they're also an easy target for birds of prey, and so farmers may shoot these birds, which is illegal but understandable, or they may poison【Q36】 the birds, which again is illegal and can have negative effects on the ecosystem.
So how else can farmers protect their chickens from birds of prey? Some people believe that to prevent the predators from settling near the area where the chickens are kept, it's best to keep this area free from vegetation. But in fact, this is counterproductive, as it means the chickens have no cover to hide in and they'll be easier for the birds to see. Another possibility would be to prevent the chickens from going outside at all and to keep them safe from predators inside a building【Q37】, but this would cost far too much to be a practical solution.
Nearly all the farmers reported that they spent a lot of time and effort trying to frighten off the birds of prey without actually harming them. Most of the farmers had at least one dog【Q38】 and said this was a big help at scaring away the predators. Some of the farmers also reported that during the breeding season, when the chickens were particularly vulnerable, they encouraged their children to watch over the chickens and to hit pans with a metal spoon so that the resulting noise【Q39】 would succeed in driving away birds that were trying to seize the young chicks. None of these methods was 100 effective so as a result the village people told us that rather than just using one method, they were forced to use a combination【Q40】 for them to have any effect. And even so, these birds of prey remain a major threat to the chickens' survival and cause considerable economic loss to farmers.
So we looked at the possibility of a longer-term solution to…
Complete the notes below.
Write ONE WORD ONLY for each answer.
听前预测：定位词为 birds of prey、other rodents，提示词为 destroy，此处应填名词，通过 other rodents 判断答案词应为某种啮齿动物，且是猛禽类消灭的对象。
题目解析：本题定位词 birds of prey 先原词出现，注意开始识别猛禽类消灭的啮齿动物，先听到“These include a number of birds of prey, such as eagles, hawks and owls, that live by hunting and killing other birds and animals.”，意为“其中包括许多猛禽，例如雕、鹰和猫头鹰，它们以捕猎其他鸟类和动物为生”。没有发现目标信息，继续听，听到“Now, most of the people living in the local communities near to the bird sanctuary are small-scale farmers, and these birds of prey provide important social and ecological benefits to them.”，意为“目前居住在保护区附近的本地群众大多是小规模农户，而这些猛禽为他们提供了重要的社会和生态效益”。还是没有发现目标信息，继续听，听到“For example, a lot of damage can be caused to farmers' crops by rodents such as rats, which would consume the crops as they grow in the fields as well as after harvesting if they weren’t hunted and killed by the birds.”，意为“举例来说，老鼠等啮齿类动物会对农作物造成严重破坏，如果这些鸟类不进行捕猎，老鼠不仅会在庄稼生长期间吃掉作物，在丰收后也会继续破坏”， 其中 rats 符合目标诉求，故填写。注意本题不要盯着题干 destroy 这个词找旁边的信息，很容易误认为 damage 替换 destroy，故而误以为 crops 是答案。审题预判答案方向要结合框架和命题细节综合判断。
听前预测：定位词为 farmers，提示词为 bitten by，此处应填名词，内容为咬伤农民的生物。
题目解析：本题视觉定位信息虽然是 farmers，但该信息也是第一题的背景信息，在前文也有出现，定位注意结合框架结构及内容信息多维度综合判断，先听到“And the predatory habits of these birds also protect farmers in other ways.”，意为“此外，这 些猛禽的捕食行为还能从其他方面保护农民”，also 及 other ways 推动文本逻辑。 注意开始识别咬农民的生物。听到“For example, a major danger to rural workers is snakes, whose bite may be dangerous or even fatal”，意为“比如，农村劳动者面临的一大威胁就是蛇，被蛇咬伤可能非常危险甚至致命”。其中 snakes 符合预 判方向，题干信息 bitten 在原文中转变为 bite，作为名词在答案词后出现，进一步印证答案为 snakes。
听前预测：定位词为 economy，提示词为 encouraging、in the area，此处应填名词，内容为当地促进经济的某手段。
题目解析：本题定位信息 in economic terms 出现后，注意开始抓听名词，判断符合用词搭配的信息。继续听，听到“after a relatively slow start, tourism has become an important source of revenue for them”，意为“旅游业在经历了初期的缓慢发展后，现在已经成为当地一项重要的收入来源”，其中 tourism 符合预判方向及命题用词搭配，故为正确答案。
听前预测：定位词为 killed、hunting、sleeping，提示词为 killed by，此处应填名词，内容为杀死鸟类的因素。
题目解析：本题定位词信息 killed 替换为名词 deaths 出现，注意开始识别杀死鸟类的因素。先听到“Fatalities occur when birds alight on roads to catch and eat their prey, and are hit by fast-moving traffic.”，意为“当鸟类飞落在道路上捕捉猎物并进食时， 可能会被高速行驶的车辆撞死”，其中 traffic 为鸟类死亡的原因。注意这时候题干信息 hunting 在原文中被替换为 catch and eat their prey，而 sleeping 还未出现，但 traffic 非常符合预判方向，可先待定。继续听，听到“Drivers in Zambia have to take special care at night, as birds may regard the quieter roads as safe places to sleep.”，意为“赞比亚的司机们晚上尤其需要小心，因为鸟类可能把夜间安静的道路当作安全的栖息地”，至此，题干信息完整，进一步确认 traffic 为答案。
听前预测：定位词为 electrocution、power lines，提示词为 when、there is、a lot of，此处应填不可数名词，内容为鸟类容易遭遇电击时，大量存在的某种物质。
题目解析：先听到逻辑信号词 Accidental deaths may also occur 推动文本内容，开始带着目标识别听到的信息。听到“if these birds fly close to high-voltage power lines, as they may be electrocuted”，意为“当这些鸟飞近高压电线时可能触电身亡”，都是题干信息。继续听，听到“This is a particular danger in the heavy rain which can occur in the region in the months from December to April.”，意为“每年 12 月 至（次年）4 月，该地区降雨量较大的时候尤其危险”，其中 rain 为加剧鸟类遭受电击的物质，故为正确答案。
听前预测：定位词为 local farmers、shoot，提示词为 shoot them or、them，此处应填动词原形，内容为农民除了违法射杀鸟类外，另一种对其施加的行为。
题目解析：定位词 local farmers 原词出现后，注意抓听农民对鸟施加的行为。听到“But they're also an easy target for birds of prey, and so farmers may shoot these birds, which is illegal but understandable, or they may poison the birds, which again is illegal and can have negative effects on the ecosystem.”，意为“但这些鸡很容易成为猛禽的攻击目标，因此有些农民会违法射杀这些鸟类，虽然这也可以理解，他们还会毒杀这些鸟类，这同样违法，并且会对整个生态系统造成负面影响”，其中 poison 符合预判内容，故填写。注意并列关系的题干结构，文本信息往往是命题的扩写，听时一定要有耐心，不要听到 shoot 一词就着急找下一个词。
听前预测：定位词为 vegetation、chickens，提示词为 providing a、expensive，此处应填单数可数名词并且以辅音开头，内容是为保护鸡而提供的对象，并且较为昂贵。
题目解析：通过设问，文本内容进一步推动。先听到保护鸡的第一种方式 free from vegetation，说明还没到答案所在的逻辑层次，继续听。听到逻辑信号词 another possibility 表明第二种保护方式马上展开，准备开始识别本题内容。听到“Another possibility would be to prevent the chickens from going outside at all, and to keep them safe from predators inside a building, but this would cost far too much to be a practical solution.”，意为“另一种可能的做法是完全不让鸡去户外，而是把它们关在建筑物内以保护它们免受天敌的侵害，但这成本太高，不太现实”，其中 building 符合命题要求，故为正确答案。题干信息 expensive 在原文中被替换 为 cost far too much，听到后进一步确认答案为 building。
听前预测：定位词为 frightening birds，提示词为 frightening、keeping a，此处应填单数可数名词并且以辅音开头，内容为驱赶猛禽类的举措。
题目解析：先听到定位信息在原文中以 frighten off the birds 出现，开始着重关注驱赶猛禽的手段。听到“Most of the farmers had at least one dog, and said this was a big help at scaring away the predators.”，意为“大多数农民家里至少有一只狗，他们说这对于驱赶这些猛禽很有用”，其中 dog 符合命题要求，故为正确答案。
听前预测：定位词为 metal objects，提示词为 making a，此处应填单数可数名词并且以辅音开头，内容为驱赶猛禽类的另一举措，且是用金属物品产生的。
题目解析：逻辑信号词 also 提示上一题结束，开始着重关注驱赶猛禽的另一举措。听到“Some of the farmers also reported that during the breeding season, when the chickens were particularly vulnerable, they encouraged their children to watch over the chickens and to hit pans with a metal spoon so that the resulting noise would succeed in driving away birds that were trying to seize the young chicks.”，意为“一些农民还提到，在繁殖季节，在鸡最脆弱的时候，他们会让孩子看管鸡群，并用金属勺子敲打平底锅来制造噪音，以此成功驱赶想抓走小鸡的猛禽”。听时注意，pans 为复数，不符合题干语法要求，故不能填写。spoon 语法虽然合适，但从内容上来说，做勺子明显不是合理驱赶猛禽的举措，故也不能填写。耐心听到 noise，为单数上来说，可数名词并且以辅音开头，与题干 making a 搭配恰当，且为驱赶猛禽的方式，故为正确答案。
听前预测：提示词为 a、of methods、most effective，此处应填单数可数名词并且以辅音开头，内容搭配方法，且最为有效。
题目解析：本题题干信息 method 先出现，提及 rather than just using one method，意为“与其只用一种方法”，通过对比先否定 one method。继续听，听到 they were forced to use a combination for them to have any effect，意为“他们不得不多种方法结合使用才能起到一定的效果”，其中 combination 搭配题干信息，后续听到 effect 对应题干中的 effective，表明其为正确答案，故填写。